The Different Affects of Drug Abuse Among Genders - 783 Words

As seen in Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill, drug abuse affects women and men differently. Mary Tyrone seems to be affected mentally by her morphine addiction, whereas the men, Tyrone, Jamie, Edmund, in the household appear to be affected physically by their alcohol addiction. Cynthia Robbins’s â€Å"Sex Differences in Psychosocial Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse† supports the different effects of drug abuse among men and women. She examines three different hypotheses concerning gender differences in the impact of alcohol and drug abuse. She claims that the generalized view of women being more vulnerable lies on physical vulnerability, social control and labeling, and internalized sex role norms. In addition, she offers a style of deviance perspective, which suggests that women are more vulnerable to adverse intrapsychic consequences of substance abuse, but that men are more vulnerable to certain behavioral and interpersonal consequences. Ger ardine Meaney’s article also focuses on the generalized view of women and men, specifically of Mary and Tyrone in the play. Drug abuse and alcohol abuse are expected to have worse consequences for women than for men based on biological differences and societal role expectations for men and women. The biological argument is that women metabolize alcohol at a different rate because of their lower ratio of water to body weight. Social role expectations exist because of the strong social disapproval of intoxication and drugShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse During The 20th Century1422 Words   |  6 Pages Substance Abuse in Women Description of the Group Towards the end of the 20th century, most of the studies focusing on substance abuse focused on the needs of men. This means that the percentage of women affected by substance abuse remained unknown for several decades. In the recent past, studies have been done to analyze the psychological, health, and economic challenges affecting women who abuse different substances (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015). This marginalized groupRead MoreSubstance Abuse Paper1198 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse is one of the most common comorbid conditions among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Schwartz et al., 2007). Previous studies have shown that nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis were the most frequently used substances in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, followed by cocaine and amphetamine. Individuals with substance use disorders have negative long-term outcomes and poorer overall quality of life. Researchers suggest that substance abuse complicates individuals withRea d MoreHca/250 Final Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance abuse is a very widely known public epidemic in todays society. Many people are unfortunately plagued by this issue. According to Emedicinehealth.com (2012), â€Å"People abuse substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost,† (para. 1). People that are affected by substance abuse includes a very different range of people. Many that abuse the substances end up having health-related problems whichRead MoreDrug Abuse Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Abuse: The Single Most Important Societal Problem May 27, 2011 Drug Abuse - Single Most Important Societal Problem Have you ever walked down the street or in a grocery store and bumped into someone you know, and they look really bad? Drugs have â€Å"eaten them alive† and they are barely recognizable. You can remember how beautiful they were â€Å"before† the drugs but you’re staring the â€Å"after† directly in the face. It is not a pretty sight, is it? Just think, it could be one of your familyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Drug Abuse1228 Words   |  5 PagesToday, drug abuse has become a controversial subject where various individuals have different views. Substance abuse is a substantial dilemma among people and easily spread in schools, work environments, and even in homes. Drug abuse starts in utterly reasons, but can begin in adolescence with peer pressure or friends using them, family environment that has violent, physical, or emotional abuse, and inherited genetics with mental health conditions as depression, anxiety, or ADHD (National InstituteRead MoreEssay on Social Aspect of Substance Abuse1001 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease that involves several different factors including biological, psychological and sociological aspects. Anderson (1997) states that substance use refers generally to the ingestion of illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, PCP, amphetamines, etc. The use of illicit drugs, such as alcohol and nicotine, are less frequently included in this definition, despite their widespread use and undisputed potential for harm. Substance abuse, however, is a more value-ladenRead MoreFactors Of Teenage Drug Abuse1198 Words   |  5 PagesFactors Of Teenage Drug Abuse Introduction Teenage drug abuse has been the controversial issue that influences our societies, results in health hazard, academics, peers, family as well as an increase in juvenile delinquency. According to the latest statistics conducted by Health Social Care Information Centre (2013), 17 % of pupils in the UK have tried illicit drugs in 2012, indicates the constant decrease in the prevalence since 2001, but it could be the tip of an iceberg and more school-childrenRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse Is A Problem That Affects People Around The Globe Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Child abuse or maltreatment is a problem that affects people around the globe. â€Å"In every country, studies have established a prevalence of abuse far exceeding the scope of the problem that would be inferred from the number of cases that were officially reported† (Finkelhor, 1984). While there are different forms of child abuse or maltreatment which include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and child neglect, sexual abuse is the most common form. The scope of this paper willRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When an individual is struggling with drug addiction problems, the family is affected physically, mentally, and emotionally. The disease not only changes the addict’s whole life, but it changes the lives of their family members as parents get torn apart from themselves and each other. The role of each family member begins to shape around what is in the best interest of the addict. This research paper is an overview of the effects that raising a drug addicted child has on parent’s ability toRead MoreDetrimental Social Problems: Substance Abuse Essays1197 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse is one of the most detrimental social problems found in all societies. It has been the leading cause for generational breakdowns of families and communities, and is probably the most controversial social problem when developing corrective solutions. Substance abuse can be defined as the chemical dependence, or pattern of usage of both legal and illegal substances, that has adverse physical, psychological, and psychomotor effects on the human body. The use of substances does not always

The Museum Of Fine Art - 1022 Words

The Museum of Fine Art in Houston, Texas has a variety of art collections. To be precise, the canopic jar is mounted on a large pedestal among other sculptures. This Canopic Jar was made in Egypt during the dynasty XXVI, 664-525 B.C. It was made from limestone. The jar was masterfully carved from stone and subsequently painted over. It is a historical masterpiece and it is relatively in good condition. Such stone jars were used to house the organs of the deceased. Their organs were put in these canopic jars during the mummification process. The lids of these stone jars have a human face. The faces were carved to represent the four sons of the god Horus. The three-dimensional jar is solid and quite large. It is well displayed in a spacious environment. The lid of the jar is organic due to the life-like face that stares back at the viewer. The rest of the jar is cylindrical with graceful proportions. The size of the jar interpenetrates with the surrounding space. It turns in space and it was meant to be viewed from several points of view. Its cylindrical nature makes the viewer’s eye wander all around its form to take in its splendor. Contour lines have been used to make the gentle outline of the jar, giving it a closed silhouette. The dominant linear elements have been incised on the surface of the jar. Beautifully crafted hieroglyphic inscriptions can be seen on the middle of the jar. The contour outline of the jar makes it have a volumetric presence. There are traces ofShow MoreRelatedThe Museum Of Fine Arts751 Words   |  4 PagesDear to whom it may concern in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston I am writing to you to express my interest in the job opportunity â€Å"Terrace Research Associate in Egyptian Art† in the Department of Art of the Ancient World, one of open staff positions in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston next Summer. As an applicant for the job opportunity in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston, I would be interested in the division, the Arts of Ancient Egypt collections I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Egyptology fromRead MoreMuseum of Fine Arts1430 Words   |  6 PagesDerain’s Turning Road and Benton’s Haystack After visiting the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston for the first time, I observed many interesting works of art representing various time periods. Of all the paintings that I saw last week, two landscaped pieces seemed to stick out in my mind; Andre Derain’s The Turning Road and Thomas Hart Benton’s Haystack. Though these two art works are similar in subject matter, they clearly reflect the different styles and time periods of their artists; the abstractRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Museum of Fine Arts, located in St. Petersburg, Florida holds a variety of artworks that depict a specific period in human development and cultural aspects. The variety was very helpful and the process to narrow down the search of a painting of my choice became less difficult. The painting that I choose was made by an American artist named Stuart Davis Untitled (Black and White Variation on Windshield Mirror). Davis’s painting was extremely peculiar and I wanted to further examine its propertiesRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1398 Words   |  6 Pages Like many other places in South Boston, the Museum of Fine Arts and History is deceptively small, but musty and brimming with reminiscence of times past. Squatting on the curb of the downtown road since 1993, the museum belies its significance. Composed of plain red brick atop a sheet of cracked pavement, it is as humble as any house along the road. The first step into the museum greets the patron with a wave of chilly air that totes along whiffs of dust and undertones of the aged burgundy rugRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1511 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the culture of a region or a country. Therefore, art has played a very important role throughout history. When talking about art, the first thing that comes to most people’s mind is probably that art is a painting or it is a sculpture. However, art has many forms of expression, and it closely connects to human’s daily life. Besides paintings and sculptures, art is everywhere around us. I am always interested in how people have linked art with daily life throughout history. For this reason, theRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1523 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the culture of a region or a country. Therefore, art has played a very important role throughout history. When talking about art, the first thing that comes to most people’s minds is probably that a rt is a painting or it is a sculpture. However, art has many forms of expression, and it closely connects to human’s daily life. Besides paintings and sculptures, art is everywhere around us. I am always interested in how people have linked art with daily life throughout history. For this reason, theRead MoreThe Museum of Fine Arts Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Museum of Fine Arts One pleasant afternoon, my classmates and I decided to visit the Houston Museum of Fine Arts to begin on our museum assignment in world literature class. According to Houston Museum of Fine Art’s staff, MFAH considers as one of the largest museums in the nation and it contains many variety forms of art with more than several thousand years of unique history. Also, I have never been in a museum in a very long time especially as big as MFAH, and my experience about the museumRead MoreThe Virginia Museum Of Fine Arts970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond at a glance is a modern metropolitan building that displays a vibrant exhibition of Byzantine art found in the Medieval and Byzantine wing. They are grouped together because they share a progression of time occurring in the heart of Europe roughly from the 1300s until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The exhibit begins with displays of medieval art of Western Europe. It further progresses to By zantine art arranged in broad categories ranging from pre-ChristianRead MoreA Visit At The Museum Of Fine Arts1210 Words   |  5 PagesMuseum Assignment On November 8th, 2016 I took a trip to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, to conduct research on different kinds of art. When I got there I went straight to The Ancient World exhibit to find a piece of artwork that I found fascinating. The moment I took a step through those giant glass doors, I saw the Colossal Statue of King Menkaura. This vast piece of artwork had so much history and detail from one particular era, it was almost breathtaking. As I continued onRead MoreThe Collection At The Museum Of Fine Arts2099 Words   |  9 PagesRESEARCH Integrated into the Permanent Collection at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Pieter Brueghel the Younger 1620’s painting Return from the Inn, illustrates an outdoor winter scenery of rustic peasant life in early seventeenth century Belgium. Born in 1564 or 1565 in Brussels, Belgium, Pieter Brueghel the Younger was a Flemish painter best known for being the oldest son of the notable sixteenth-century Netherlandish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder and Mayken Coecke van Aelstv (Artnet, 2016)

Construction Law Issues-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Advise to Chief Estates Officer of Camford University offering JCT 2016 contractual, legal and case law advice. How should the University proceed in relation to the problems outlined in the case study. Answer: Construction Law Issues The contractor is in breach of contract as to the completion date by the occasioned delay. The date of completion within which the halls of residence were to be ready for occupation was written down in the contract document making it a term in the contract. Failure to complete within the stipulated time is a breach of contract. The contractor is liable in the circumstances to pay damages that are determined to be reasonable as the rate was never fixed in the agreement. Under clause 8.8 of JCT, the employer has the right to decide not to complete and terminate the contract. The Chief estates officer should therefore issue a notice to complete to the contractor. Where the contractor does not complete even after a notice to complete has been issued, the Chief Estates Officer can claim damages for breach of contract. Clause 2.5 of JCT allows for deferment of possession for completion to be finalized (Graafar Perry, 2009, p. 34). However, extension of time can be justified due to changes in weather conditions which made performance of the contract difficult and leading to frustration. Uncertainty or unpredictability of weather conditions are outside the control of the parties to the contract. It adds to the frequency of delays and claims for delays. As a result, it leads to matters of human fallibility. Changes in weather especially cold weather will affect the drying of cement since it cannot proceed below a given temperature. A delay especially on the concrete frame and foundations is most likely to slow the rate of work and impact greatly on the completion date. There have also been discovery of antiquities which have slowed down the rate of performance and has a bearing on the completion date of the contract. The effect of antiquities is the suspension and delay in carrying out of works. The contractor should give directions on the way forward regarding the preservation of the antiquities. Antiquities are categorized under the unknown physical conditions. Relief for delay caused by antiquities is provided for under clause 2.10.5.1 of the JCT Works Contract. Change in circumstances where the University introduced changes to the security and communications system way into the performance period thus introducing a material alteration that is likely to delay the project. These are grounds that can justify an extension and defeat the payment of any damages as a result of breach of contract. All the factors discussed above are likely to necessitate extension of time. In Carillion Construction Ltd v Woods Bagot Europe Ltd Ors [2016] EWHC 905 (TCC) (28 April 2016), the issue was Whether an extension of time should run contiguously from the existing date for completion and whether the contractor's agreement with the employer concerning its liability for liquidated damages under a building contract extinguished its liability, thereby preventing a claim against its sub-contractors. It was held that and extension of time should be added contiguously and that the contractors liability to the employer was not extinguished (Grunberg et al, 2007, p. 71). The letter of intent does not bind the parties. It is not the main contractual document but just ancillary. The letter ignored critical elements of the contract such as consideration and therefore does not constitute an agreement between the parties. Clause 3.12 of JCT does not recognize instructions other than those reduced into writing. Parties should therefore conclude negotiations and execute the main contract that contains all their rights and responsibilities under the contract. The contractor has failed to comply with the terms of the contract requiring a 10% performance bond from the construction company. The company had a duty to arrange for the contractor to provide a performance bond which they have breached as required under clause 7.3 of JCT. They are liable to provide the 10% performance bond on their own account if they fail to have the contactor provide it. The subcontractor is also in breach of contract by failing to fill and sign the collateral warranty forms. The contractor has an obligation to insure as provided for under clause 6.15 of JCT. This is a breach of duty on part of the sub- contractor and an attempt to avoid liability in case of breach of contract by the contractor or in case any injury occurring at the construction site (Hinze, 2000, p. 43). The errors between the drawings, specifications and the bills of quantities are a fundamental breach of contract for which the University can claim payment of damages. They introduce fundamental changes on the initial contract which have the effect on cost as the university will need to spend more in obtaining materials to cater for the changes made. Where there is an error in the bill of quantities that is exaggerated, the quantity surveyor is liable to the extent with which the quantities are excess or less. He is liable in such circumstances to account for the excess or provide the deficit from his own account. There are laid down procedures under schedule 2 of JCT on the procedures to vary the contract. In Finesse Group Ltd v Bryson Products (A Firm)[2013] EWHC 3273 (TCC), the court forced parties to scale down cost budgets or the court exercises its discretion in imposing a fixed proportionate costs. The site manager should be present at the site to supervise and ensure that the work is done according to specifications. Failing to be present at all times at the construction site is an act of negligence which the University can seek to hold him liable in case of any defect that occurs in the construction works. In SABIC UK Petrochemicals Limited v Punj Lloyd Limited[2013] EWHC 2916 (TCC), courts held that failure to exercise due diligence can be a ground for termination of a contract (Hughes et al, 2015, p. 18). In case there is likely to be a delay, the contractor should notify the University as required by clause 2.27 of JCT. References Gaafar, H. K., Perry, J. G. (2009) Limitation of design liability for contractorsInternational Journal of Project Management,17(5), 301-308 Gruneberg, S., Hughes, W., Ancell, D. (2007) Risk under performance?based contracting in the UK construction sectorConstruction Management and Economics,25(7), 691-699. Hinze, J. (2000).Construction contracts McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math Hughes, W., Champion, R., Murdoch, J. (2015)Construction contracts: law and management. Routledg

Research Paper Digestive System Essay Example

Research Paper: Digestive System Essay There are multiple biological processes that the human body performs continuously in order to sustain itself. Functions are classified into systems according to their purpose. It is important to understand that all biological processes are highly interrelated, meaning that if one aspect of one system is malfunctioning, the effects sprawl far beyond the location of the function. This is perhaps why symptoms must be traced incredibly thoroughly to judge what the original cause of the malfunction is. The digestive system is one that includes the functions of consumption, digestion, absorption and expulsion of wastes. The organs involved start at the oral cavity and stretches through the body, ending at the anal cavity. Surrounding systems such as the circulatory, respiratory, and immune and nervous systems all work in corporation to execute all the tasks necessary. Naturally, with such a number of complex functions, in combination with various destructive qualities, such as bacteria, viruses, environmental threats, as well as genetic make-up, malfunctions are bound to occur.In some cases, the effects may be treated leaving no permanent damage; however some situation may result is irreversible damage that may be fatal. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most common signs that the digestion process is unwell are symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. While this is considered a non serious occurrence, it could be a clue that there is a far more serious problem within the system that requires attention. This may include such conditions as an Irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer or even cancer. Typically the more persistent the symptoms, the more neglected the warnings are, the more serious the situation becomes. The flowing is a more detailed look at the components, purpose and function of the digestive system, as well as several common digestive problems such as gastric bleeding, pain, constipation and diarrhea. Also a brief look at disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcers. The disorders are considered on the bases of the symptoms, causes and possible treatments. The Digestive System The purpose and reason behind the digestion process is to help break down the food and beverages that are consumed into small molecules in order for the necessary nutrients to be absorbed and utilized by the body. The way the body achieves this is by allowing the gut to physically and chemically alter the ingested nourishment and dispose of the not required wastes. This nourishment is then transformed into vital energy that helps maintain and build the cells that are necessary in the body. Process of the Digestive System The overall digestive process involves a mixture of food and drink with the digestive juices. The food is then broken down into small molecules through chewing and the digestive juices and finishes in the small intestine. The movement of the food down along the process is referred to as peristalsis. This resembles and ocean wave traveling though the muscle. Once food is swallowed an involuntary process begins which is controlled by the nerves. The swallowed food is propelled into the esophagus, which connect the mouth and throat to the stomach. At the point where the esophageal sphincter which is a ring of muscle that closes the passage between the two organs. As food approaches this point, the sphincter relaxes and allows food to enter the digestive track. The liver and the pancreas are digestive organs that also contribute to this process through producing digestive juices that reach the small intestine though small tubes called ducts. The digesting system is also very intertwined with other biological process, for instance the nervous system as well as the circulatory system directly impact the digestive process. Mouth The mouth is the preliminary organ that begins the digestion process. Within the mouth several functions are preformed in order to prepare the contents for the remainder of the process. The mouth or what is biologically referred to as the oral cavity comprises of lips (labia), teeth, cheeks, hard and soft pallet which are located at the forward and latter roof of the mouth. There is also a muscular tongue which is attached to the floor of the mouth by what is called a frenulum. Moreover the oral cavity is connected to the nasal cavity, allowing this function to also participate in the process. The throat is guarded by a ring of palatine or lingual tonsils. The process that the contents go through begins with the biting process. The initiates the braking down process into suitable size portions in order to better fit in the oral cavity. This process is helped by the muscular work of the jaw, tongue as well as the soluble nature of the saliva that is produced. The prepared contents are swallowed and this completes the voluntary process of ingestion. Swallowing Swallowing is a delicate process that insures that the primarily broken down contents begin to move towards the further brake down process. This however has to first pass the delicate respiratory track which is also found in the oral cavity. This is done through a complex working of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus. The first stage of this process in voluntary as the tongue pushes the contents down the pharynx. This is followed by a reflexive process of the tongue blocking the mouth, soft palate closes off the nasal cavity and the larynx rises so that the epiglottis closes off the trachea. The contents are then moved onwards to pharynx by the peristalsis as well as gravity. Esophagus The esophagus is the first muscular tube in that is 25-30 cm in length. It purposes is to transfer the contents from the pharynx (the throat) to the stomach. There are basic layers which include the following; mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular is external and the serosal fluid. The Mucosa is innermost moist lining combined with a connective tissue and smooth muscle, that moistens the contents and begins the movement downwards. The sub mucosa is a combination of a soft connective tissue layer, blood vessels, nerves as well as lymphatic’s. The muscle external is responsible for the movement of the gut. Typically there are two layers of the smooth muscle, the circular inner layer, and the outer longitudinal The Stomach The stomach has three mechanical tasks; to store, mix and expel the contents that enter. The storing takes place in the upper part, as the sphincter opens and allows the entrance of the contents, the middle part then uses special muscles in order to mix the contents with the digestive juices, containing special enzymes, and the finial emptying of the contents into the small intestine. Certain factors play a role in the emptying process including the various kind of food that are consumed as well as the muscle capability that is required. Carbohydrates for instance, spend the least of time in the stomach, while proteins remain longer in the stomach and fats remain in the stomach the longest of all. Finally as the juices do their job in braking down the contents into small enough molecules, the absorption of nutrient occurs though the intestinal walls and the contents are transported and lowered down into the large intestine where they are then extracted through the anus in the form of bowel movements. Small Intestine The small intestine consists of three parts. The first part is the Duodenum which is roughly 26 cm in lengths. This is the first descending part where the contents proceed from the stomach. Within this part, the breakdown process continues before the contents proceed to the Jejunum, 2,5 meters in length and further to the ileum which is 3.5 meters in length. The small intestine is very crucial to the digestive process. The lining of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of the contents. This is done by creases and villi located on the surface area. The movements or these villie propel the movement through the lining into the blood stream. Therefore the absorption of digested foods is done though this rich venous and capillary drainage of the gut. Towards the end of the small intestine, accumulations of lymphoid tissue are common. The process involved that undigested food to remain in the system for duration of time and it is important to note that this content is rich in bacteria. Large Intestine (Colon) The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. It is roughly 1.5 meters in lengths and stretches from the right liliac region or the pelvis, up across the middle abdomen and end at the anus. The main function the large intestine is the absorption of the remaining extra liquids. The Anus has voluntary and involuntary sphincter and ability to distinguish whether contents are gas or solid. No villi in large intestine, but many goblet cells secreting lubricities mucus. Production of Juices The first contact of food with the digestive glands occurs in the mouth and the salivary glands produce saliva which is the moisture in the mouth that helps with the initial breakdown of the food. This silica contains certain enzymes that help in the brake down and digestion process. An enzyme is a substance that works to speed up the chemical reactions that occur in the body. The stomach lining in the next place where there are glands located that continue this process. This particular gland, produce stomach acid, and an enzyme that have the ability to break down protein. The stomach being a will throughout organs also has a lining which protect itself from the braking apart nature of the enzyme which is contains. This lining is refuted to as mucosa, and it is able to withstand the acidity of this fluid. Once the role of the stomach is complete and the contents are lowered into the small intestine, the pancreas and liver produce a wide range of enzymes that aim braking down of carbo hydrates, fats and proteins that was contained in the food consumed. There are also glands that are produces by the walls of the intestines. The liver produces another digestive fluid which is called the bile. Between meals this bile is stores in the gall bladder. During mealtimes, these substance travelers through ducks into the intestine to mix with the fats that is consumed, and transformed into a watery substance. This is then further broken down by enzymes produced by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Nutrients Most of the nutrients that are consumed whether through food, beverages or supplements are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. The mucosa which is in the small intestine possesses many folds that are covered by villi, fingerlike projections. The villi are also covered by micro villi for it is this structure that allows a large surface area to be created though which nutrients can then be absorbed. From this stage, specialized cells allow the nutrient to enter the blood stream where they are carried to other parts for storage of additional chemical processes. Carbohydrates It is suggested that 45 to 65 % of recommended daily calories should be in the form of carbohydrates. Foods that are classifies as carbohydrates include breads, pasta, potatoes, peas, rice, fruits and vegetable. Starch and fiber are also contained in many of these foods. Starch digestion includes braking into maltose. The enzyme in the small intestinal lining breaks this maltose into glucose which is carried through the blood stream to the liver. There it is stored to later provide energy for the body. Sugars are digested in one step, by fist braking down in to glucose and fructose, while foods like milk contain another form of sugar which is call lactose which required a different braking down structure. Fiber is indigestible and moves through the the digestion track without being broken down by enzymes. There are two types of fiber that could be found in food, soluble and insoluble. As the term suggest soluble fiber had a characteristic to become soft and jelly like substance which in contact with water. While the insoluble fiber especial is unchangeable though the digestion process. Protein Proteins are used to build and repair the tissues of the body. In order for them to perform their duty, they also must be broken down into small molecules. Foods that are high in protein include meat, eggs, and beans. The way in which this process begins as enzymes in the stomach juices, pancreating enzymes, brake down the protean molecules into amino acids. As before these amino acids are carried through the blood stream the location that require them. Fats/lipids Rich source of energy for the body. Fats are first dissolved in the watery substance that is located in the intestine. The bile acids that are produces in the liver, stored in the gall balder work to dissolve the fats into smaller fragment that are then further broken down by the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Some of these parts are classifies as fatty acids and cholesterol. The role of the bile is to attach itself to the fatty acids and chelostoroal and aid these cells to more into the mucosa. There these cells become large again and mostly pass into vessel called lymphatic located near the intestine. These are then carries to parts of the body where they can be stored as storage. Vitamins Vitamins are an essential part of the absorption that also occurs though the small intestines, Vitamins are classifies in in two groups, water soluble and fat soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include all the B and C while the fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. The fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body, while all water soluble vitamins are not easily stored and frequently flushed through the urine. Hormone Regulators There are several hormones that play an integral role in digestion. These function to induce production of particular acids and fluids that are requires. Certain organs such as the gall bladder are controlled by hormones. Some of the most prominent hormones for this process are gastric, secreting and cholecystokinin CCK. Gastric This particular hormone causes the stomach to produce that aid in the digestion and dissolving of certain foods. Additionally this hormone is necessary for normal cell production in the lining of the stomach, small intestine as well as the colon. Seretin This hormone is responsible for the production of the necessary digestive juices in the pancreas containing bicarbonate. The component caries the duty of neutralizing the acidic nature of the stomach as the contents are moved along into the small intestine. The production of Pepsin is also stimulated by seretin. This function is important for the digestion of protein as well as aids the liver in the production of bile. CCK The main role of CCK is to help produce enzyme in the pancreas as well as causes the gall bladder to empty when it is required. Normal cell production in the pancreas is also governed by this hormone. There are also addition hormones that govern aspects such as the appetite. Ghrelin When the stomach is empty, this hormone work in the stomach as well as upper intestine in order to stimulate appetite and encourage consumption of food. Peptide YY Carries a vice versa effect which notifies the brain that the stomach is full and arrests the appetite Other hormones have be allocated to impacting appetite include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GPL-1), oxyntomodulin(+5), and pancreatic polypeptide. Nerve Regulators There are two classified aids in the control of the digestive process. The extrinsic, outside influence which includes the nerves from coming from the brain or the spinal cord. The chemical released throughout this process include acetylcholine and adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes activity in the digestion causing the contents to move through the system. Adrenaline on the other hand relaxes the muscles involved in the process affectively slowing down and even stopping the digestion the process. As for the intrinsic, or inside nerve that impact the digestion process, this includes a very dense network integrated in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. These nerves are activated in cases where the walls are stretched when they are full, or when the organ become too hollow. Depending on the situation various substances are released in order to speed of slow down the process. Disorders Due to the complexity of the digestion process, there are various amounts of process that can be susceptible to problematic activity. This may occur due to genetics, poor nutrition as well as many other reasons. When troubles occur with this digestion process, there are various conditions that are classifies as disorders. Each disorder jeopardizes the functionality of the aspect which it targets and negatively impacts the well being of the individual that it involves. If these conditions are not addressed early on, the effect could be quite devastating. Symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, bleeding from the digestive tract, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing, usually suggest a digestive disorder. More general symptoms, such as abdominal pain, flatulence, loss of appetite, and nausea, may suggest a digestive disorder but also may suggest another type of disorder. Indigestion is a label that is used imprecisely by different people to mean different things. The term covers a wide range of symptoms, including dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, regurgitation, and the sensation of having a lump in the throat. Functions that involve the Bowel or intestine vary greatly not only from one person to another but also for any one person at different times. In most cases, the easiest time to move their bowels in the morning, typically 30 to 60 minutes after first eating in the morning. However such functions are strongly affected by factors such as diet, stress, drugs, disease, and even social and cultural patterns. In most Western societies, the normal number of bowel movements ranges from 2 or 3 a week to as many as 2 or 3 a day. Changes in the frequency, consistency, or volume of bowel movements or the presence of blood, mucus, pus, or excess fatty material (oil or grease) in the stool may indicate a disorder. ABDOMINAL PAIN While the feeling of abdominal discomfort and pain is very common and in many cases, minor, more extreme cases of this symptom may suggest significant problem and lead to surgical interference. Pain in the abdominal area is frequently an issue for the young, the hold, those who suffer from immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or those with weakened and or suppressed immune systems. Causes There are multiple reasons for Abdominal pain, including infection, inflammation, sores such as ulcers, rupturing of organs, muscle contractions that are uncoordinated or blocked by an obstruction, and blockage of blood flow to organs. There are several cases where disorders may be life threatening and require immediate surgery. Such cases may include a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, perforated stomach or intestine, blockage of blood flow to the intestine (mesenteric ischemia), and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Disorders that are also serious and nearly as urgent include intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, and acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Peritonitis is pain caused by inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum), which occurs with many disorders that result in inflammation or infection of abdominal organs or leakage of intestinal contents into the abdomen, such as a perforated ulcer. Sometimes, disorders or functions outside the abdomen are the causes for the abdomen to produce pain. Conditions include heart attack, pneumonia, and twisting of the testicles testicular torsion. Other problems that cause abdominal pain include diabetic ketoacidosis, porphyries, sickle cell disease, and certain bites and poisons, heavy metal or methanol poisoning, and some scorpion stings. The location of the pain can be a very good indicator of the cause of the pain. Pain that is associated with an organ that is blocked, gallstones, kidney stones, or intestinal obstruction typically comes and goes in waves. Likewise pain produced by a peptic ulcer is often characterized as burning while Pain that accompanies diverticulitis is often limited to the lower left abdomen, whereas the pain of peritonitis is frequently felt throughout the abdomen. Pancreatitis often produces pain that is worsened by rolling over in bed and is relieved somewhat by sitting upright and leaning forward. Medical tests are preformed to help choose among several different causes suggested by the person’s symptoms and physical examination results. An abdominal CT scan helps identify many, but not all, causes of abdominal pain. Blood and urine tests are frequently obtained. An ultrasound is helpful if gynecologic disorders are suspected. Treatment Abdominal pain is most frequently treated with pain medication, however in some case, in order to accurately pin down the specific cause, medical professionals believed that pain medication has the possibility to The specific cause of the pain is treated. Through much research and recent development, patients have pain control methods during diagnoses and treatment. BLEEDING FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT When blood appears in the stool of vomit, its origin could be anywhere through the digestive track from the mouth to the anus. The color of the blood indicates whether the bleeding was recent or if it has already subsided. The condition where blood, red or black is visible in vomit is called hematemesis. When blood is vomited, it may be bright red if bleeding is brisk and ongoing. Alternatively, vomited blood may have the appearance of coffee grounds if bleeding has slowed or stopped, due to the partial digestion of the blood by acid in the stomach. Anal bleeding has two forms; hematochezia if stool is bright red, or Melena, if the stool is blackened. Melena is more likely when bleeding comes from the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. The black color of melena is caused by blood that has been exposed for several hours to stomach acid and enzymes and to bacteria that normally reside in the large intestine. Hematochezia is more likely when bleeding comes from the large intestine, although it can be caused by very rapid bleeding from the upper portions of the digestive tract as well. Symptoms of sudden loss of blood may include a rapid pulse, low blood pressure, and reduced urine flow as well as cold, clammy hands and feet. Extreme cases of bleeding may lead to reduced flow of blood to the brain, causing confusion, disorientation, sleepiness, and even extremely low blood pressure. Slow, chronic blood loss may cause symptoms and signs of anemia such as weakness, easy fatigue, pallor, chest pain, and dizziness. Causes Bleeding may occur due to several reasons such as peptic ulcers, arteriovenous malformations, and dilated veins in the esophagus, irritation from use of certain drugs, such as aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as cancer. Chronic liver disease or hereditary clotting are condition under which bleeding is more likely. Medications that can cause bleeding include anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin and those that affect platelet function such as aspirin. Evaluation Element such as location, duration and the actual cause are investigated when such conditions are reported. The physical examination in such cases includes a digital rectal examination to feel for masses. An analysis of stool is done to detect if blood is present in the stool as this sometimes suggest a cause and location as well as clue to what other testing should be done.When blood in vomit is reported, a procedure called nasogastric is done, where a small hollow plastic tube is passed through the nasal passage. Through this tube the contents of the stomach are extracted. Blood in the contents of a red color suggest current bleeding which blacked masses suggest past occurrences of bleeding. The nasogastric tube is usually left in place until it is clear that all bleeding has stopped. If the nasogastric tube reveals signs of active bleeding, or the person’s symptoms strongly suggest the bleeding is originating in the upper digestive tract, the doctor usually performs upper e ndoscopy. Upper endoscopy is a visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum) using a flexible tube called an endoscope. An upper endoscopy allows for the source of the bleeding to be identified, and often treat it. Similarly, colonoscopy is performed if symptoms suggest the bleeding is originating in the lower digestive tract, or if upper endoscopy does not reveal a bleeding site. There are cases where such exams still fail to uncover the cause of bleeding. For such people, if bleeding is severe, angiography is preformed where the patient is injected with red blood cells labeled with a radioactive marker. With the use of a special scanning camera, the radioactive marker can sometimes show the approximate location of the bleeding. If bleeding is slow, doctors may instead take x-rays after the person drinks liquid barium. Another option is capsule which is especially useful in the small intestine, but it is not very useful in either the colon or stomach, because these organs are too big to get good pictures of their inner lining. Blood tests are useful by seeing the person’s blood count to see how much blood has been lost. A low platelet count is a risk factor for bleeding. Other blood tests include prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and tests of liver function, which help detect problems with blood clotting. Treatment Those who suffer with sudden, severe blood loss require intravenous fluids and sometimes an emergency blood transfusion to stabilize their condition. Those with blood clotting abnormalities may require transfusion of platelets or fresh frozen plasma or injections of vitamin K. In most situation, gastrointestinal bleeding stops in its own. However in those cases where it required intervention, during the endoscopic procedure an electrocautery device, injections laser all can be used to aid the situation. If all treatment options do not help, surgery should be considered. CHEST OR BACK PAIN Pain and discomfort in the chest and back area could also be an indicator of a malfunction within the digestive process. Some symptoms are very close to those of heart problems. The middle of the chest or upper back can result from disorders of the esophagus or from disorders of the heart or aorta. Symptoms may be similar. Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), caused by stomach acid splashing up into the esophagus, can produce a burning sensation or a tightness under the breastbone (sternum), which may resemble those of heart disease. Spasms of the esophagus and other esophageal muscle disorders can cause a severe squeezing sensation also resembling the pain of heart disease. Other symptoms may suggest that there is esophageal disorder. What is referred to as heartburn is in fact a splashing of acid into chest, neck and sometime throat, typically following meals. Esophageal disorders are noticed by a difficulty in swallowing. If there is an exertion problem, this is most likely as sociated with problem of the heart. If there are systems suggesting heart troubles, test to identify those are done first and digestive test could be exhaustive. Treatments are specific to cause and only administered when the cause is identified with certainty. Diarrhea Diarrhea is characterized as an increase in the amount, wateriness and frequency. While the desire to have a bowel movement often is not considered to be diarrhea as it is normal to move bowels 3 to 5 times a day. People who eat large amounts of vegetable fiber may produce more than a pound of stool a day, but the stool in such cases is well formed and not watery. Diarrhea occurs when not enough water is removed from the stool, making the stool loose and poorly formed. Typically this condition is accompanied by gas, cramping, an urgency to defecate, and, if the diarrhea is caused by an infectious organism or a toxic substance, nausea and vomiting could be involved. As the loss of this liquid occurs, dehydration and a loss of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate from the blood are common results of diarrhea. If large amounts of fluid and electrolytes are lost, the person feels weak, and blood pressure can drop enough to cause fainting, heart rhythm abnormalities and other serious disorders. Those who are young, old or those who are disabled are especially prone to this. Causes Normally consistency of stool is 60% to 90% water. When this is exceeded, that is classified as Diarrhea. This occurs due to the fact that the process happens too quickly not allowing the fluids to be properly absorbed. The causes of such a condition vary greatly. These include drugs and chemicals, infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain food, stress, tumors, chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and mal-absorption syndromes. Rapid passage (transit) of stool is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. Stool must remain in the large intestine for a certain amount of time in order to have normal consistency. Stool that leaves the large intestine too quickly is watery. Many medical conditions and treatments can decrease the amount of time that stool stays in the large intestine, including an overactive thyroid, drugs such as antacids containing magnesium, laxatives, prostaglandins, serotonin, and even caffeine. Many foods, especially those that are acidic, can increase the rate of transit. Some people are intolerant of specific foods and always develop diarrhea after eating them. Stress and anxiety are also common causes. Osmotic diarrhea occurs when substances remain in the colon due to the fact that they cannot be absorbed. These substances cause excessive amounts of water to remain in the stool, leading to diarrhea. Certain foods such as fruits and beans can cause osmotic diarrhea. Also, lactase deficiency can lead to osmotic diarrhea. Lactase is an enzyme normally found in the small intestine that converts lactose to glucose and galactose, so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. When people with lactase deficiency drink milk or eat dairy products, lactose is not digested. As lactose accumulates in the intestine, it causes osmotic diarrhea—a condition known as lactose intolerance. The severity of osmotic diarrhea depends on how much of the osmotic substance is consumed. Diarrhea stops soon after the person stops eating or drinking the substance. Blood in the digestive tract also acts as an osmotic agent and results in black, tarry stools. Another cause of osmotic diarrhea is an over growth of normal intestinal bacteria or the growth of bacteria normally not found in the intestines. Antibiotics can cause osmotic diarrhea by destroying the normal intestinal bacteria. Secretory diarrhea occurs when the small and large intestines secrete salts, especially sodium chloride, and water into the stool. Certain toxins, such as the toxin produced by a cholera infection or during some viral infections, can cause these secretions. Infections by certain bacteria and parasites can also stimulate secretions. The diarrhea can be massive, more than a quart of stool an hour in cholera. Other substances that cause salt and water secretion include certain laxatives, such as castor oil, and bile acids, which may build up after surgery to remove part of the small intestine. Certain rare tumors, such as characinoid, gastrinoma, and vipoma are also able to cause secretory diarrhea. Inflammatory diarrhea happens due to the inflammation, ulceration, engorging of the lining of the large intestine. This releases proteins, blood, mucus, and other fluids, which increase the bulk and fluid content of the stool. This type of diarrhea can be caused by many diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, tuberculosis, and cancers such as lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. When the lining of the rectum is affected, the person often feels an urgent need to move his bowels and has frequent bowel movements because the inflamed rectum is more sensitive to expansion by stool.Treatment CONSTIPATION This condition is known as the inability to have a bowel movement less than three times a week. The stool is hard, difficult and painful to pass, and very small in size. The timing of bowel movement varies from individuals meaning that in some cases the norm could vary from three times a day to three times a week. Fewer than three times a week is reason for concern. This condition is a symptom in itself rather than a disease. It is likely that everyone at one point is affected by this, with a poor diet being the typical cause. Most constipation is temporary and passes without serious or permanent harm done, however understanding the causes, means of prevention and treatment are essential in finding relief. While this condition is very common, the numbers show that most often women and adults over the age of 65 and older are affected more frequently. Constipation during pregnancy is common especially after child birth or surgery. Most often treatment is with over the counter laxatives . Causes Constipation is caused by a slowing down of the digestion process. The lack of mobility allows for the colon to absorb too much fluid, causing the stool to be hard and dry. There are many reasons for this to occur. While is some cases a lack of fiber in the diet might be the cause, in other cases its lack of physical activity, especially in the elderly. Certain medications and products like milk have a tendency to bring about this symptom. Conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, pregnancy, aging, and travel, all have a direct impact on the speed of the digestion process. Other reasons may include a dependency of laxatives, ignoring the urge to have a bowel movements, dehydration, specific diseases or conditions such as stroke, problems with the colon and rectum, as well as problems with intestinal function (chronic idiopathic constipation). Treatment Of course treating constipation depends on the cause therefore there are several possible ways of dealing with such a state. Fiber is very important to regular bowl movements. The most common cause is a diet with not enough fiber or one that is high in fats, such as cheese, eggs, and meat. Fiber has two forms, soluble and insoluble. A soluble fiber easily dissolves in water and becomes a soft get like substance. Insoluble substance on the other hand passes though the intestine virtually unchanged. This substance helps push the contents through the colon.As a lack of liquids plays a major role in the consistency of the stool, maintaining hydrated in order to stay regular. While research has shown that intake or liquids does not always reverse constipation, some relief is still felt. However liquids that include caffeine or alcohol still are known to worsen the condition due to the fact that such substances have a dehydrating quality. Consuming foods like vegetable juices and clear sou ps, beets, can all aid one with such symptoms. When the condition continues to persist, animas and laxatives may provide relief however this treatment should be used with caution as using this method or treatment may lead the body to fall into dependence and stop working towards recovery. There are several forms of laxatives that are prescribes on an individual bases. Bulk forming laxatives, considered the safest, knows as fiber supplements that are taken with water. Some side effects from this remedy could be discomfort, blooding and pain. Stimulants are another form that causes the muscle contractions in the intestines. One ingredient, phenolphthalein, however has been recently linked to cancer. Osmotic is another drug available that causes fluids to flow in a specific way through the colon resulting in bowel expulsion. This drug is especially idiopathic constipation. Stool softeners moisten the stool and prevent constipation. Typically recommended for post surgical and post labor symptoms. However prolonged use this drug may r esult in electrolyte imbalance. Lubricants grease the stool, aiding then to go through smother. Mineral oil is the most common example. This form of treatment is known to bring results in less the 8 hours. Saline laxative also are used to provide relief by promoting absorption. The way in which this occurs is that they act as a sponge to bring water to the colon. They are most frequently used to treat acute constipation as long as there is no found obstruction. In this form there have also been reported findings electrolytes imbalances, especially in cases with small children of those who suffer from a renal deficiency. Finally, chloride channel activators are also used to increase intestinal fluid and mobility which helps with the passage of stool. This drug is known to be safe for use for up to 12months. One who is using laxatives must slowly stop using them to help the system regain its abilities to perform independently. Treatments for other causes of constipation may include discontinuing certain medication or even performing a surgical procedure for the correction of an anorectic problem such as prolapsed where the bottom portion of the colon is inverted. Surgical removal of the colon could also be an option when the symptoms are saver and caused by colonic inertia. This procedure must be considered only in extreme cases such as the side effects could also be extreme and painful. Continues symptoms of constipation left untreated could also lead to consequences such as hemorrhoids. This is a condition where the anal fissures tears due to forcing of hard stool through the sphincter muscle. As a result, there is anal bleeding, and mucus in the stool. In some cases the lining from the intestine to push out from the anus due to stain and pressure. The treatment for this is typically warm baths or ice packs. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder that is identifies by symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea. This condition causes a great deal of discomfort but does not permanently damage the intestine, and does not lead to serious illnesses such as cancer. While in some cases the symptoms can be debilitating and prevent the suffered from attending work and social events, it is still common for the most part to control the symptoms with controlling diet and stress management. The statistical information of 20% of the adult population makes this one of this one of the most common disorders diagnosed today. It has been noted that this disorder is more frequently occurs in females and typically before the age of 35. Symptoms As mention before, the main symptoms of this disorder are abdominal pain and discomfort. Having said that, symptoms tend to vary according to the individual. In some case the individual experiences constipation, which is characterized as a hardness of stool that is very difficult to pass. It is often that those individuals also complain of cramping and abdominal pain while trying to have a bowel movement with little to no results. This occurs when digesting slows down and the further constipation could lead to toxicity levels to rise. In others, the discomfort takes the form of diarrhea, which is the result of excess amount of fluids in the stool due to the increased speed of the process. Frequent sudden urges to have a bowel moment could accompany such a state. It has been observed that this syndrome is more common in females, especially during their menstrual cycle suggesting that reproductive hormones play a role. There are also tendencies to feel anxiety and depression which is brought on by the discomfort of the state, and also from a lack of proper absorption. Causes Genetics, stress, poor nutrition, hormonal unbalances have all been linked to IBS and IBS symptoms. While there is no one particular cause of the overall syndrome, there are several attribution factors that have been noted. Sensitivity in the colon to specific foods has been known to trigger curtain systems and the epithelium, which is responsible for the control of fluids in and out of the colon, is unable to perform its task as the speeds of movement is increased. Serotonin has also been linked with the normal functions of the gastrointestinal functions (GI). In normal situations 95% is located in the gestural track while the remaining five is in the brain. In those who suffer with IBS, the transport of serotonin is affected causing there to be abnormal amounts of serotonin in the GI tract, leading to more symptoms and discomfort.There is some research that shows there is a connection with the cause of IBS to a bacterial infection in the GI tract. Patients with gastroenteritis have been known to later develop IBS. People with celiac disease have also been found to have symptoms similar to IBS. It is in this case where foods such a wheat barley gluten and rye are unable to be digested by the person with such a condition. Such attempts cause pain and discomfort. Treatments While there are specific methods to deal with the treatment of the individual symptoms, at this point there is no overall cure that is available. Some of these remedies include laxatives, anti de formulas, spasm control medication as well as pain relief medications. Unfortunately treating individual symptoms rather than the core problem may lead to further complications to the overall condition. One example of this is the use of anti-spasmodic or anti depression medications which interfere in the digestion flow and could additional symptoms. Peptic Ulcers Ulcers are essentially described as sores or in some cases holes in the stomach or duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine. Helicobacter pylor is the leading bacteria known for causing this condition. Statistics show that 20% of those under 40 experience this while those over sixty are at a 50% ring of developing this. While the bacterium responsible for this is known, the way in which individuals contract this bacterium is still debatable. If persistent systems are ignored, internal bleeding and rupturing is a strong possibility. Symptoms Symptoms may include a dull gnarring ache with a tendency to come and go throughout the day. This is usually observed 2 to 3 hours after a meal, or when the stomach is empty, quite frequently in the middle of the night. This discomfort is however is relieved by eating. There are also additional symptoms that require immediate attention. This includes a sudden sharp pain, blood in the stool or a backend stool, likewise blood or black vomit. Causes As was previously mentioned, the Helicobacter Pylor has been proved to be the main cause of this disorder. The way in which it works is by embedding itself into the lining of the stomach or the duodenum allowing acid to get though the lining. Both the acid and the bacteria have an irritating quality which causes the sores or tears to appear. The H. Pylor bacterium has the ability to survive the acidity of the stomach as it secretes a neutralizing enzyme that protects it. The spiral shape of this bacterium allows the bacterium to stay firmly in the lining.There are several suspected methods of contracting this bacterium. One is through drinking water or consuming something that is contaminated. Traces of this bacterium have been found in saliva pointing to the option that mouth to mouth contact can also pass the bacteria on. In cases where symptoms include blood in stool or vomit, the cause may be a ruptured blood vessel or an saver obstruction preventing the contents to continue to m ove along. Treatment In order to treat this condition is it primarily important to diagnose it correctly. This is mainly achieved though a G.I (gastrointestinal) exam or endoscopic procedures. This allows for a closer look at the internal activities, and shows if the symptoms or pain and discomfort are in fact caused by the ulcers. In some cases a fragment of the tissue is extracted and examined, this is referred to as a biopsy. If there should happen to be internal bleeder, they are sometimes treaded with an internal heat probe that aid in the clotting of the blood. Alternatively, bleeding could be stopped by clotting medications. Works Cited

A Stick of Dynamite Essays

A Stick of Dynamite Essays A Stick of Dynamite Essay A Stick of Dynamite Essay The interior, which contains great potential for change and the ability to quickly adapt to changes, is enclosed in a protective outer covering and at its tip is a fuse. This is the power of youth. The resilient nature of young people is like a stick of dynamite; it is highly explosive as it detonates rather than deflagrates. According to Mary McLeod Bethune1, We have a powerful potential in our youths and we must have the courage to change old ideas and practices so that we may direct their power toward good ends. Dynamite is capable of great good when its power is utilized in the right way. This fact can be applied to the power of young people. Like the dynamite, their spirited nature and their eagerness can be used to pave the way for positive new developments in society, to build bridges and link people together for a common cause, to construct highways so that there is a faster more efficient route in attaining dreams and to create numerous other projects that will benefit mankind. However, in the wrong hands the dynamite can be used to destroy instead of to create and young people have that same propensity for good or bad, therefore the strength of youth should never be underestimated or taken for granted. Young people are better suited for invention than judgement, execution than counsel, and new projects than settled business. The vivacity and charisma exuded by our youth has a similar effect on older people like the effect that the flame has on a moth. They are attracted to our colourful display of eagerness for life and our charm. The energy and strength of young people are resources that can be tapped into to produce positive results. Young people are idealistic as they untainted by the harsh cruelties of life. They are not aware of what cannot be done and so they often achieve greater things, as they are not limited by mental barriers. They have boundless energy; they never tire in working for dreams and ideals that they are passionate about. Also young people, tend to approach situations with a clean slate as they do not possess the prejudices of older adults. They do not hold grudges but instead work at maintaining long lasting relationships. The former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan2 once said that Young people should be at the forefront of global change and innovation. they can be key agents for development and peace. If. they are left on societys margins, all of us will be impoverished. Therefore, we should utilize the power of these sticks of dynamite, which are our young people, for good, by lighting each fuse with a positive flame so that the world will explode into a profusion of prosperity and creativity.

Kodak and Fujifilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Kodak and Fujifilm - Essay Example Although Fujifilm has in the past two decades become one of the leading names in the industry, Kodak possessed a long standing history of more than 130 years. In 1988, Kodak camera was launched in the market of the United States (US). Contextually, it came to prominence as a distinct organization with its slogan of â€Å"You Press the Button, We do the rest† which influenced the people to buy its offerings (Kodak, n.d.). George Eastman was the founding figure of the Eastman Kodak Company whose main aim was to make the facet of photography more useful, simpler along with pleasurable. The core principles that were followed by Eastman from the inception of Kodak entail a clear focus upon the needs of the consumers, global distribution, widespread advertising and mass production or manufacturing at relatively reduced cost (Kodak, n.d.). Conversely, Fujifilm is essentially a Japan based company which too is one of the giant companies in its segment. Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd started its operations in Japan in the year of 1934. As a key turning point in the success of Fujifilm, it established its United States based manufacturing unit in 1988 which facilitated the company to challenge the dominance of market leader Kodak. In the last decade the company has made a number of acquisitions and has established its subsidiaries in emerging economies such as India, Indonesia and Colombia among others. A few of the areas of innovations where Fujifilm’s interests lie include graphics cards, optical devices, high tech gadgets and a wide range of cameras. Kodak’s core business lies on manufacturing cameras, photographic films, slide projector, scanner and printer. It also engaged itself in performing video analysis and motion processing, mobile communication and audio signal processing. Whereas, Fujifilm deals in offerings digital cameras,3D image products, films, binoculars, medical systems, graphic systems, photofinishing products, motion picture products, optical devices, recording media, industrial products, image management and semiconductor materials among others. Thus, it is apparently visible that the business of Fujifilm is quite diverse. In this regard, it is observed that despite being a giant in the technological field, Kodak faced bankruptcy situation in the year of 2012 due certain drawbacks in its approach such as a lack of focus on innovation. Fujifilm, on the other hand, has been maintaining its market share and profitability quite successfully (Fujifilm Corporation, n.d.). Comparison Between Management That Each Company Pursued In Order To Embrace Innovation In order to make the comparison between these two ‘technology based’ corporations regarding their management approach to sustain innovation, it is imperative to learn about how much the companies provided importance to innovation and technological feature development. The management of Fujifilm always plans to upgrade its innovation process through ex cellent research and development (R&D) process. The management of every company invests a good percentage of capital on its R&D to compete with its competitors. Fujifilm has followed the similar path. It has build ‘Fujifilm Advanced Research Laboratories’ to continue its innovation process in the year of 2006. It has facilitated to create milestone offerings in bio chemistry, pharmaceuticals and printing technologies segments. On

Hilton Worldwide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hilton Worldwide - Assignment Example The company has business operation in 88 countries through 3,800 hotels which offer 6301,000 rooms to its worldwide customers. The company dedicated to provide an exceptional experience to the millions of travellers stay every year with it different brands of hotels and resorts. Hilton Hotels and Resort is most important brand of Hilton Worldwide group which carry the brand recognition of the mother company Hilton Worldwide along with its own brand value. Hilton Hotels and Resort recognized as international hotel chain that includes many hotels and resort across the world. The brand has market presence in 540 locations in 78 countries. It provides contemporary and authentic hospitality services to the guests across the world. The core values and the USP this brand are thoughtful amenities, smart design; innovative dining options that makes this brand a global leader in the hospitality industry. The company has continuous focus on both the leisure travellers and business travellers in the locations where it presents. The company follows similar service design and locations in all the cities like it present near airports and major city centres in all the cities (Hilton Hotels $ Resorts, 2012). ... This journey of the company has been possible by the efficient and unique development strategies like the local know-how and field tested process that assists its business partners or the franchisee holders to effective develop and manage a business with global exposure and experiences. For developing a unique3 service design in all the properties i.e. hotels and resorts of it business partners, it assists to design, building, managing the property of the franchisee holders and other companies who wants to become a business partners and to gain global business experiences. The company is dedicated to provide all solutions to its business partners by its innovative expertise which has made this a leading brand in the worldwide hospitality industry. The company four different innovative divisions or group that has been simultaneously working together for development of this brand in terms of new franchisee acquisition in the different location of the world and they also provide all typ es of solution from construction of hotels and resorts to management services. These four efficient aspects of its total service to the business partners are performance advantage, architecture and construction, owner information services and Hilton management services. Performance advantage service is an innovative and integrated system which provides advanced technology and innovative solutions to the customers as well as the business partners. This service drives the business growth of this company through reduction of cost of cost services without hampering the quality the services it provides. Performance advantage services include seven different kind of innovative services which are Hilton HHonors, Hilton worldwide sales, reservation